The rapid development of unmanned aerial systems (UAVs) in recent years has opened up new dimensions in remote sensing, particularly through the use of multispectral and hyperspectral sensor technologies. These systems enable high-resolution spectral analysis that goes far beyond the capabilities of conventional RGB cameras. While multispectral sensors capture a limited number of defined spectral bands, hyperspectral sensors record hundreds of narrowly spaced bands, allowing for significantly more detailed spectral signatures of each pixel. In our presentation, we provide an overview of the technical fundamentals and structure of multispectral and hyperspectral sensors. Key applications are discussed in areas such as precision agriculture, water quality monitoring, vegetation analysis, soil science, and infrastructure surveillance. Real-world case studies demonstrate how UAV-based spectral sensing, combined with geoinformatic evaluation methods, offers significant advantages for environmental monitoring and decision support. We also address current challenges and future trends, such as data volume management, spectral calibration, and real-time processing. The integration of these sensors into digital twins and AI-supported analysis environments opens up far-reaching perspectives for research, industry, and public administration.